What is computer Hardware:-
Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer system. Like processor, cabinet, motherboard, mouse, keyboard, monitor, hard disk drive, solid state drive, ram, smps, optical disk drive, heatsink, graphics card, cpu cooler, sound card, speaker etc.
Source:- Wikimedia
List of computer hardware and their work:-
SMPS:- Switched Mode Power Supply. It converts AC to DC as per hardware components requirement.
Motherboard:- The main component of a computer system which holds all the elements. Ram, processor, connects hdd, odd, ssd, monitor etc.
Processor:- The brain of a computer which processes all the program operation in a computer system.
Types of cpu socket:-
LPA (LAND GRID ARRAY)
PGA (PIN GRID ARRAY)
Storage Device:- HDD, SSD, ODD are called storage devices. This devices are connected through SATA(Serial ATA 7 pin), PATA/ATA(Parallel ATA 40 pin), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface 60-80 pins), Nvme/ M.2 for ssd
RAM:- The Volatile Memory which is accessed randomly while the system is in operation.
Types of Ram architecture
SIMM (Single in Line Memory Module)
32 bit data path
DIMM (dual in-line memory module)
Transfer 64 bits of data at a time.
RDIMM (Registered DIMM)
DIMM with improve reliability.
DDR (Dual Data Rate)
Sends double the amount of data in each cbck signal. It has 184 pins.
DDR2
It is faster than DDR because it allows for higer bus speeds. Use less power compare to DDR. It has 240 pins.
DDR3
Twice fast comparison DDR2. Use less power then DDR2.It has 240 pin.
DDR4
Use less power then DDR3. It has 288 pin.Process higher speed than DDR3.Use less power.
ROM:-Bios and booting module is stored in ROM.(Read Only Memory) – It is a Non-volatile memory. Data in ROM is permanently return and is not erased when you power off your computer
Socket:- Physical connection b/w motherboard and Processor. (where processor fit) responsible for transmitting energy to the Processor.
Sockets are mainly 2 types.
LGA:- Land grid array
PGA:- Pin grid array.
Core:- Core is defined as the brain of a CPU. It is responsible for processing speed. The more core it has the more speed it can achieve because in that case, it can simultaneously perform more operations than a single processor or brain can.
PCI Slot:- Peripheral component interconnect port used for connecting peripheral devices such as graphics card sound card. PCI is the bigger slot and PCI Express has variants like PCI X1, X3, X5, X16, etc.
North and South Bridge:- These 2 bridges control all connected components of a motherboard. Northbridge controls RAM, CPU, AGP, and South Bridge control I/O devices, Bios, PCI Express, USB, etc. These 2 bridges are interconnected with linker to each other.
Some common problem faced when these 2 bridges fails or malfunction:-
NorthBridge related:- No display, No RAM detected, Graphics related problem, flickering display.
SouthBridge related:- PC restart and shutdown automatically, BIOS Corruption, BSOD(Blue screen of death), unrecognized hardware, PC Freezes, Slow or lagging performance, etc.
CPU Ports:-
PS2 PORT– USE FOR CONNECT KEYBOARD AND MOUSE
Purple– keyboard Green– Mouse
USB Port– 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, Type C-latest
Lan Port Or NIC Card– to connect to ethernet cable. 2.5G, 5G, 10G Lan
WiFi Antenna:- For Connect Wifi Antenna (Highend Motherboard have this)
Audio port– MIC — Pink
Headphone– Green
Audio out — Blue
Side Speaker:- White
Rear Speaker:- Black
Subwoofer/center:- Orange
OFC port:- Transmit optical audio out
VGA Port– To connect display to cpu. 9pins
HDMI/Display port– high display multimedia interface
Used for to watch HD video in display.
DVI Port– Support digital signal
If we use DVI port for display, we have to external audio port for audio as it only supports video.
Expansion slot—To add extra ports to CPU Parallel advanced Technology Attachment 40 pin Data transmission is parallel
BIOS And CMOS Reset Pin:- Used to restore BIOS if crashed or corrupted and reset CMOS data such as Date, time, BIOS, and hardware settings. (Only available on Highend Motherboards)
BIOS:- The Basic Input Output System, or BIOS, is a very small piece of code contained on a chip on your system board. When you start your computer, BIOS is the first software that runs. It identifies your computer's hardware, configures it, tests it, and connects it to the operating system for further instruction.
There are 2 types of bios:- Legacy and UEFI Bios
Legacy:- Legacy BIOS is run by option Read-Only Memory (ROM's), which collectively is limited to 64 KB of storage. The option ROMs that legacy systems run will only work if they are compatible with the hardware that is running with it.
UEFI:- In UEFI BIOS the drivers have virtually no space limitations and are compatible with upgraded forms of hardware. Drivers are written separately and can be uploaded using a flash drive. The information uploaded onto the system is then processed by UEFI’s programming interface, which configures the data to ensure compatibility.
CMOS Battery – CMOS(Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor), Battery provide a power supply of BIOS chip to maintain date and time. It have two size
CACHE MEMORY – Self memory of processor is called cache memory there are three types of cache memory
Hard Disk Partition:- There are 2 types of hdd partition available for installing windows OS.
MBR (Master Boot Record ) – The area of hard disk which is used to detect BIOS and start the booting process of HDD(Track 0, Sector 0, Cylinder 0)
GPT (GUID Partition Table)(Globally Unique Identify) – It is same of MBR. All Morden PC Operating System Support GPT including MAC OS and Windows OS.
File System:- format is method to create allocation table of any storage media and the process complete with help file system. There are following File System
FAT (File Allocation Table)
FAT-32 Max File size 4GB, Max partition size 2TB, No corruption repair, Compression not available.
NTFS (New Technology File System) Max file size 16TB, Max partition 8PB(Peta Byte), Auto corruption capability, Compression available
CDFS (CD/DVD)
Minimum Specs for installing Windows:-
NAS:- Network-attached storage (NAS) is a file-level computer data storage server connected to a computer network providing data access to a heterogeneous group of clients. NAS is specialized for serving files either by its hardware, software, or configuration.
SAM:- Security Account Manager is a database file in Windows OS where it stores Users’ passwords. Which is used to authenticate local and remote users.It contains passwords in an encrypted format.
The location of the file is:- C:\windows\system32\config\SAM
In the next chapter, we will discuss the Database and its basics. Till then Happy Learning!
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